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Human Brains Evolved Twice as Fast as Other Apes

Humans evolved skull features linked to large brains and flat faces at twice the expected rate, highlighting evolutionary and possible social advantages, UCL researchers found.

  • On October 21, the UCL-led study found humans' skull structure evolved substantially faster than other apes, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
  • About 20 million years ago, hominids and hylobatids diverged, and primate brains began enlarging around 2 million years ago with early modern humans appearing around 300,000 years ago.
  • Using three-dimensional virtual models, the team analyzed skulls from seven hominids and nine hylobatids by partitioning them into four skull sections and applying computer numerical comparison, finding human skulls changed twice as much as expected.
  • Researchers say larger brains likely aided complex social behaviour, as human brain size provided cognitive advantages linked to complex social structures and social selection influenced selective pressures on face evolution.
  • Today humans boast brains three times larger than ape relatives, genetic evidence like human accelerated regions shows rapid evolution, and gorillas rank second in skull-evolution rate.
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A study first quantifies the speed at which ape species have evolved, and shows that the skull and face 'sapiens' made it twice as fast as other species because of cognitive advantages and social factors Read

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Phys.org broke the news in United Kingdom on Tuesday, October 21, 2025.
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