Mali’s Environmental Crisis: The Link Between Climate Change and JNIM’s Rapid Expansion

Mali’s Environmental Crisis: The Link Between Climate Change and JNIM’s Rapid Expansion

Introduction Mali has been in a climate crisis for over half a century, experiencing at least 40 climate-related shocks between 1970 and 2020. Last summer, the country withstood droughts and flooding, affecting some 400,000 people and costing some $9.5 million USD in annual crop revenues in one of the world’s poorest countries. These climate shocks have contributed to and exacerbated the country’s brutal and multifaceted civil war, which started…