Researchers documented 412 misuse-of-force incidents and 203 injuries, including 19 traumatic brain injuries and 10 ocular injuries, in a yearlong review.
On Monday, researchers at Physicians for Human Rights and the Human Rights Center at the University of California at Berkeley released a report documenting 412 instances of misuse of force at anti-ICE protests, with 43% directed at journalists.
Tactics used by ICE agents have faced scrutiny over the last week following the fatal shootings of Lorenzo Salgado Araujo in Texas and Joan Sebastian Guerrero in Maine within days of each other.
The misuse of force resulted in 203 documented injuries affecting 119 individuals, including 97 incidents where officials shot crowd control projectiles at people's heads, making it the second-most frequent improper tactic.
Researchers write that the high number of head injuries suggests "a pattern of force directed towards the head," violating use-of-force guidelines and causing significant harm.
Lead author Rohini Haar began tracking these impacts after a federal agent shot a pastor in Oakland last year, noting "those weapons can cause harm.
Study documents violence in cities such as LA, Chicago and Minneapolis. Misuse of control weapons by the authorities caused blindness, trauma and fractures. 43% of the targets were journalists.