In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Joseph Turmel, a French priest born in Brittany in 1859, embarked on what would be a lifelong and intense study of biblical literature and church history. By the age of 26, this course of study had converted him to rationalism. But unlike his near contemporary, Joseph McCabe, he decided to conceal his apostasy and remain a priest. He began to write articles and books that disputed orthodox Catholici…
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