Ethical gaps in closed-loop neurotechnology: a scoping review

Ethical gaps in closed-loop neurotechnology: a scoping review

Closed-loop (CL) neurotechnology, which dynamically adapts to patients’ neural states, offers new opportunities for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its real-time feedback mechanisms raise critical ethical challenges. This scoping review assesses whether and how clinical studies involving CL neurotechnologies address ethical concerns. We analyzed peer-reviewed research on human participants to evaluate both the presence …