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Study Finds Ocean Damage Nearly Doubles Climate Cost Estimates

Including ocean damage raises the social cost of carbon by 91%, adding $46.2 per ton and highlighting risks to fisheries, coastal communities, and small economies, study finds.

  • On Thursday, researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego published a study finding ocean damage nearly doubles the social cost of carbon, adding $46.2 per ton to reach $97.2 per ton, a 91% increase.
  • Because the ocean was omitted from standard models, the team noted it had never been included in social cost of carbon calculations despite damage to coral reefs, fisheries and coastal infrastructure affecting millions globally.
  • Using integrated assessment models, the researchers incorporated impacts on coral reefs, mangroves, fisheries and seaports, accounting for lost fisheries revenue, trade, and reduced calcium, omega-3 fatty acids, protein and iron availability.
  • Immediate costs accrue to fisheries and coastal infrastructure because 2024 emissions of 41.6 billion tons imply nearly $2 trillion in ocean damages, disproportionately affecting vulnerable regions, researchers said.
  • By quantifying ocean harms, the paper positions the blue social cost of carbon as a more complete metric, with researchers saying it gives decision-makers a fuller cost–benefit tool than carbon credits and offsets.
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Undark broke the news in on Wednesday, August 13, 2025.
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