The risks of many diseases are linked to birth order, study finds
Researchers analyzed records from more than 10 million people and found 150 diseases linked to birth order, though they said the study does not prove causation.
- On August 4, 2026, researchers published a study in Nature Health identifying 150 diseases with statistically significant links to birth order across 10 million U.S. siblings.
- Analyzing 2003–2024 Merative MarketScan data from 5.1 million two-child families, the study mapped 569 diagnoses to examine where birth-order patterns diverge and persist within families.
- First-Borns showed higher odds for neurodevelopmental and immune-allergic conditions including autism and ADHD, while second-borns had higher recorded odds for substance abuse and gastrointestinal disorders.
- While authors suggest birth order may serve as a modest risk marker for family counseling, they caution that findings do not prove causation and rely on insurance claims data.
- Researchers point to the "hygiene hypothesis" and factors like parental age to explain these patterns, noting that some associations weaken with wider sibling spacing.
6 Articles
6 Articles
Birth order and disease risk across the human phenome - Nature Health
Birth-order effects on disease risk have been studied for individual conditions but have not been systematically assessed at phenome-wide scale in large sibling claims cohorts. We apply two complementary designs, a between-family matched cohort (1.6 million pairs) as a high-powered phenome-wide scan, and a within-family sibling comparison (5.1 million families) as an internally controlled sibling contrast, to 569 diseases in Merative MarketScan …
Study maps how birth order tracks disease risk across 10 million siblings
Researchers analyzing claims from more than 10 million siblings linked first-born status to higher odds of several neurodevelopmental and allergic diagnoses, while second-born status tracked with substance abuse and gastrointestinal conditions. The observational study identified 150 significant birth-order associations across the phenome, but claims data and residual confounding prevent causal conclusions.
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