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The risks of many diseases are linked to birth order, study finds

Researchers analyzed records from more than 10 million people and found 150 diseases linked to birth order, though they said the study does not prove causation.

  • On August 4, 2026, researchers published a study in Nature Health identifying 150 diseases with statistically significant links to birth order across 10 million U.S. siblings.
  • Analyzing 2003–2024 Merative MarketScan data from 5.1 million two-child families, the study mapped 569 diagnoses to examine where birth-order patterns diverge and persist within families.
  • First-Borns showed higher odds for neurodevelopmental and immune-allergic conditions including autism and ADHD, while second-borns had higher recorded odds for substance abuse and gastrointestinal disorders.
  • While authors suggest birth order may serve as a modest risk marker for family counseling, they caution that findings do not prove causation and rely on insurance claims data.
  • Researchers point to the "hygiene hypothesis" and factors like parental age to explain these patterns, noting that some associations weaken with wider sibling spacing.
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medrxiv.org broke the news on Friday, March 27, 2026.
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