Fouls and Cards: Global Analysis - CIES Football Observatory

In this Weekly Letter, the CIES Football Observatory analyzes the differences observed over the past year between 63 leagues worldwide in terms of referees' propensity to issue cards for fouls. Referees in Japan's top two divisions are the least likely to issue cards for fouls (approximately one card every ten fouls), while the opposite is true in Chile and Colombia (approximately one card every five fouls).