CRISPR-Cas systems are best known today as the gene-editing tool that reshaped biotechnology, but their original purpose in nature is defensive: bacteria evolved these systems to fight off viral invaders called bacteriophages. Scientists have spent years cataloguing the sheer variety of ways bacteria deploy CRISPR-Cas — two classes, seven types, and 46 subtypes identified so far — trying to understand the full range of what these systems can do.…
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