Casey’s General Stores (NASDAQ: CASY) delivered a quarter that shattered expectations, sending the stock rocketing more than twenty percent higher in a single trading session. The results were not a near-miss or a modest beat — the company blew past every benchmark analysts had set heading into the report. Diluted earnings per share jumped 66.2% year-over-year, landing at $4.37, a figure that forced Wall Street to reassess its assumptions about …