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Ancient Crayons Show Neanderthals Created Symbolic Art

Analysis of ochre crayons from Crimea shows Neanderthals reused tools for symbolic drawing, revealing cultural practices similar to early Homo sapiens, researchers say.

  • On October 30, 2025, Francesco d'Errico's team at the University of Bordeaux reported ochre pieces from Crimea suggesting symbolic use by Crimean Neanderthals.
  • Against a long prehistoric backdrop, the team highlights ochre use dates back at least 400,000 years in Europe and Africa, with researchers arguing symbolic cognition extends further.
  • Researchers analyzed 16 ochre pieces using multiproxy methods: scanning electron microscopy and portable XRF, finding a yellow ochre crayon about 5 to 6 centimetres long and at least 42,000 years old.
  • The study contends these artifacts challenge the stereotype of simple Neanderthals and highlight their cognitive and cultural complexity, while Francesco d'Errico and colleagues argue the deliberate shaping and engraved motifs provide firm evidence of symbolic pigment use.
  • The finds include a broken crayon perhaps 70,000 years old and join other Neanderthal art evidence suggesting uses like marking skin, clothing or stone, the authors say.
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Evidence for symbolic use of ochre by Micoquian Neanderthals in Crimea

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anthropology.net broke the news in on Wednesday, October 1, 2025.
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