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Incan Numerical Recordkeeping System May Have Been Widely Used
New analysis shows commoners from the Andean highlands produced khipus, suggesting record-keeping was more widespread in the Inca Empire than previously thought, researchers say.
On August 13, 2025, Science Advances reported a radiocarbon-dated A.D. 1498 khipu was made by a commoner from the Andean highlands.
Recently, the University of St. Andrews acquired a khipu, and reports suggested it was made by a khipukamayuqs from around 1498.
Analysis of the primary cord human hair, 104 centimeters, revealed the maker’s diet was low in meat and maize, relying mainly on tubers and greens.
The discovery challenges assumptions about khipu producers, suggesting literacy and record-keeping extended beyond khipukamayuqs in Inca society.
Looking ahead, researchers plan to reexamine museum collections holding hundreds of unstudied khipus, potentially rewriting understandings of Incan record-keeping.