Some societies understand themselves through victory, and others through defeat. The latter tend to be more stable. Victories age quickly; they become ceremonial, decorative, something to commemorate. Defeats, by contrast, endure. They remain morally active. A defeat can function for centuries as a foundational truth. By Rafael BarochShiism (Shiah Islam) may be the most striking example of a civilisation organised around such a defeat. The Battl…
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