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Gold mining expands fastest on Indigenous lands in Brazil’s Amazon, new analysis finds
Illegal mining has spread despite crackdowns, with mercury contamination and health harms worsening across Indigenous territories, researchers said.
On Tuesday, the Amazon Environmental Research Institute released an analysis showing gold mining on Brazilian Amazon Indigenous lands expanded nearly sevenfold between 2016 and 2024, threatening communities with pollution and deforestation.
Indigenous lands face the greatest threat from this expansion, with mining covering 24 times as much land in 2024 compared to 1985, and almost 90% of the affected area concentrated in three territories.
Mining activities contaminate rivers with mercury, causing malaria surges and developmental delays in children, while armed groups use legal mining permits to disguise illegally extracted gold.
In the Munduruku Indigenous Territory, watchdogs identified 10 new illegal mining sites as of August; federal authorities under President Luiz Lula Silva have stepped up enforcement, yet miners frequently return after operations.
Representatives of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights recently visited Para to hear from the Munduruku, as Apib stated that protecting territories requires more than just removing invaders.