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Michael Smuss, who fought Nazis with Molotov cocktails during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, dies at 99

Michael Smuss fought in the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising using Molotov cocktails and survived Nazi camps before becoming a painter to process his trauma.

  • On Oct. 21, Michael Smuss, a Holocaust survivor and painter, died at 99, his wife in Israel confirmed Thursday.
  • Imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto from 1940, Smuss joined an underground group led by Mordechai Anielewicz, with the ghetto holding some 380,000 people in cramped conditions.
  • Stealing thinning solvent while restoring helmets, he supplied the resistance and threw Molotov cocktails from rooftops of the Warsaw Ghetto; he survived arrest and a death march in spring 1945.
  • Yad Vashem said the funeral will take place on Friday, and he later moved to Israel where he met his second wife, Ruthy.
  • Using painting to process trauma, he exhibited work including a video for the Sumter County Museum and retained an unmistakable sense of humor at age 99, family members said.
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Winnipeg Free Press broke the news in Winnipeg, Canada on Thursday, October 23, 2025.
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