As part of the Achaemenid Empire, Sogdiana and Bactria had only ever been loosely governed. The arrival of Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army threatened to undermine the established balance of power in the region. The Macedonians met dogged resistance. Once it became clear that the Macedonians could not be defeated on the battlefield, many people retreated into the impenetrable mountain fortresses that dotted the region. The most import…
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