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Study: K-12 Public Spending Nears $1 Trillion in U.S.

U.S. K–12 spending rose nearly 35% from 2002 to 2023, driven by higher pension and employee benefit costs despite enrollment and academic declines.

  • Reason Foundation analysis found U.S. public school spending is nearing $1 trillion, rising almost 35% between 2002 and 2023 in K–12 school districts.
  • Rising employee benefit and pension costs drive spending, with employee benefits up 134.9% since 2002 and the California State Teachers' Retirement System reporting $85.5 billion debt in 2024.
  • California saw per-student spending climb 31.5% from $19,724 in 2020 to $25,941 in 2023 while California public schools lost 318,532 students since 2020.
  • Nearly 44% of fourth graders can't read at a basic level while public school students face nonacademic demands, and Lance Izumi called the spending-outcomes disconnect troubling.
  • Lawmakers must confront structural K-12 finance problems, Aaron Smith urged addressing pension debt and closing under-enrolled schools while Lance Izumi recommended restoring phonics and higher standards.
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Reason Foundation broke the news in on Thursday, November 20, 2025.
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