Cardinal Stephen Chow welcomed more papal-approved ordinations under the Vatican-China deal; a missionary, scholars, and rights advocates ask how much freedom it has brought.
Secret agreement between Vatican and Beijing in 2018 has never been published. Critics claim that Holy See has never exercised veto over episcopal appointments in China.
In recent years, China has seen the emergence of a new generation of bishops. Younger and more trained in a context closely controlled by Beijing, these men embody both the advances and the ambiguities of the secret agreement concluded in 2018 between the Holy See and the regime.