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I teach doctors how to interpret test results – and the labels ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ often hide what matters most

Researchers found interval likelihood ratios helped more than 600 clinicians make better decisions by showing how strongly a lab value points toward or away from a diagnosis.

  • Doctors often rely on binary "normal" or "abnormal" labels to interpret test results, a practice that obscures nuanced information and can lead clinicians to overlook critical diagnostic details.
  • One patient received a "normal" BNP level of 14, causing doctors to treat him for heart failure, though this label masked his actual life-threatening condition of fluid buildup around the heart.
  • Researchers tested "interval likelihood ratios," a metric showing how specific values change diagnosis probability, finding clinicians using these made correct calls 93 out of 100 times in a study of more than 600 clinicians.
  • Improving how test results are displayed could help clinicians avoid errors for roughly 1 in 10 patients, moving beyond simple cutoffs to enable safer, more informed care decisions.
  • Since President Barack Obama signed the Century Cures Act in 2016, patients have gained greater access to health information, and experts suggest displaying more nuanced test data could empower individuals to better understand their own reports.
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The ConversationThe Conversation
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I teach doctors how to interpret test results – and the labels ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ often hide what matters most

Labeling medical test results as ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’ helps clinicians make quick judgments when diagnosing patients. But this binary approach to interpreting tests can lead to fatal errors.

·Boston, United States
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The Conversation broke the news in Boston, United States on Monday, October 12, 2026.
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